Ngo-2010, i-Geim kunye ne-NOVOV iphumelele ibhaso likaNobel kwi-fihlord yomsebenzi wabo eGraphene. Eli bhaso lishiye umbono onzulu kubantu abaninzi. Emva kwayo yonke loo nto, ingeyiyo yonke into esetyenziswayo ye-Nobel Poice Umsebenzi ka-2004 unokunikwa ngo-2010, onqabileyo kwirekhodi yeBhaso le-NOBEL KWIMINYAKA Kutshanje.
I-Graphene luhlobo lwezinto eziqukethe umaleko omnye we-carbon ii-atom zenziwe ngokusondeleyo kwi-honetchcomb yenyosi ye-Hoxagonal Hotce. Njengedayimane, igrafu, i-Gellerene, i-carbon natbob kunye ne-amorbous carbon, yinto (into elula edityaniswe ngezinto zekhabhoni. Njengoko kubonisiwe kumzobo ongezantsi, ubuchule kunye neekhabhoni zinokubonwa njengokuqengqeleka ngandlel 'ithile ukusuka kwi-ted ngandlela ithile ukusuka kwi-Graine enye ye-Graphene, ebikelwe amatye amaninzi egraphene. Uphando lwethiyori ekusebenziseni igraphene ukuchaza iipropathi zekhabhoni ezahlukeneyo (igrafu, i-carbon natbon natbowes natbobs Natsocles kunye neGraine) ziba nzima ukuthoba kuphela, iqhotyoshelwe kuphela kumhlaba omgangatho othathu okanye ngaphakathi ngezinto ezifana negrafu. Kwakungekho de kwango-2004 ukuba i-andre geim kunye nomfundi wakhe uKonstantin noVaoselov bahlutha igrafu esuka kwigrafu ephucukileyo kuphuhliso olutsha.
Zombini ezikolweni
Kule mihla, igraphene inokufumaneka ngeendlela ezininzi, iindlela ezahlukeneyo zinezibonelelo zabo nezingalunganga. I-Geim kunye neNovanov bafumana igraphene ngendlela elula. Sebenzisa iteyiphu engabonakaliyo ekhoyo kwi-supermarkets, bakhupha i-raphene, iphepha elinomzobo onomlinganiso omnye we-carbon cerk, ukusuka kwisiqwengana se-piyrolytic grancitic. Oku kulula, kodwa ukungabikho kweshishini akulunganga kangako, kwaye igrafu enobungakanani obungaphantsi kwe-100 microns (ishumi le-microns (ishumi le-millime) linokufunyanwa kuphela, kodwa kunzima ukusetyenziselwa ukuSebenza izicelo. I-Vapor Vapor Vapor i-Vapor Inokukhulisa iisampulu zegraphenya kunye nobungakanani bamashumi eesentimitha kumphezulu wensimbi. Nangona le ndawo enezifundo eziguqukayo zii-microns ezili-100 kuphela [3,4], ilungele iimfuno zemveliso zezinye iinkqubo. Enye indlela eqhelekileyo kukusweleka i-silicon cartide (i-SIC) ukuya kuthi ga kwi-1100 ℃ kwi-vacuum, ukuze iiatom ze-silicon zikufuphi, kwaye ezinokufumana iisampulu zediokhoyisi ezinepropathi elungileyo.
Igraphene yinto entsha enepropathi eyahlukileyo: Ukuqhutywa kombane kwawo kunjengobhedu, kwaye ukuqhubela phambili kwe-thermal kungcono kunenye nayiphi na impahla eyaziwayo. Kubonakala ngokucacileyo. Inxalenye encinci (i-2.3%) yesikhalo esibonakalayo esishiyiweyo siya kungeniswa nguGraphene, kwaye uninzi lokukhanya luyadlula. Kumdaka kangangokuba kwanee-atom ze-heelum (iimolekyuli ezincinci zegesi) azinakudlula. Ezi ndawo zemilingo azichaphazeli ngokuthengwa njengelifa kwifomati, kodwa ukusuka kwi-Quatum Maction. Ipropathi yayo eyahlukileyo yombane kunye ne-optical ichonge ukuba inamathuba okusebenzisa izicelo.
Nangona isiqulatho sivele ixesha elingaphantsi kweminyaka elishumi, sibonise izicelo ezininzi zobugcisa, ezinqabileyo kakhulu kwimimandla ye-physics kunye nesayensi yezinto ezibonakalayo. Kuthatha ngaphezulu kweminyaka elishumi okanye amashumi eminyaka kwizinto ngokubanzi zokuhamba kwilabhoratri kubomi benene. Yintoni ukusetyenziswa kweGraphene? Makhe sijonge imizekelo emibini.
I-eletrode ethambileyo
Kwiindawo ezininzi zombane, izixhobo ezibonakalayo ezibonakalayo kufuneka zisetyenziswe njenge-electrode. I-ofisi ye-elektroniki, iikhatiji, imiboniso yekristali ye-cystal, izikrini zokuchukumisa, iiphaneli zesola kunye nezinye izixhobo ezininzi azinakushiya ubukho bee-elektrods ezibonakalayo. I-Enctrode yeMveli isebenzisa i-Indim Tiin Oxide (ITO). Ngenxa yexabiso eliphezulu kunye noncedo olunqongopheleyo lwe-Indium, i-Brittle kunye nokusilela kokuguquguquka, kwaye i-electrode kufuneka ifakwe kwi-vacuum ye-vacuum, kwaye iindleko ziphezulu. Ixesha elide, izazinzulu zizama ukufumana indawo yayo. Ukongeza kwiimfuno ezicacileyo, ukuqhutywa okuhle kunye nokulungiswa kwento ezibonakalayo, ukuba kufanelekile, kuya kuba kufanelekile ukwenza "iphepha le-elektroniki" okanye ezinye izixhobo ze-elektroniki "okanye ezinye izixhobo ze-elektroniki" okanye ezinye izixhobo ze-elektroniki "okanye ezinye izixhobo ze-elektroniki" okanye ezinye izixhobo ze-elektroniki "okanye ezinye izixhobo ze-elektroniki" okanye ezinye izixhobo ze-elektroniki "okanye ezinye izixhobo ze-elektroniki" okanye ezinye izixhobo ze-elektroniki "okanye ezinye izixhobo ze-elektroniki" okanye ezinye izixhobo ze-elektroniki "okanye ezinye izixhobo ze-elektroniki" okanye ezinye izixhobo ze-elektroniki "okanye ezinye izixhobo ze-elektroniki" okanye ezinye izixhobo ze-elektroniki "okanye ezinye izixhobo ze-elektroniki". Ke ngoko, ukuguquguqukayo kuyinto ebaluleke kakhulu. Igraphene yinto enjalo, elungele i-eleclings ebonakalayo.
Abaphandi abavela kwiYunivesithi yaseSamsung kunye neChengnjinuan e-South Korea bafumana igrafu ye-intshi ezingama-30 nge-i-micron ye-picy ye-pickethylene ye-pictephthane yokuvelisa isikrini se-Graphene. Njengoko kubonisiwe kumzobo ongezantsi, igraphemi ekhuliswe kwi-foil yobhedu i-body ye-themo ye-thermal ye-thermal (i-Blue School), i-foil yobhedu), kwaye ekugqibeleni igrafu idluliselwe kwifilimu yesilwanyana ngokufudumeza .
Izixhobo zeFowuni eziNtsha zeFowuni
I-Graphene ineepropathi ezikhethiweyo kakhulu. Nangona inye kuphela umaleko weeatom, inokufumana i-2.3% yokukhanya okukhutshiweyo kuyo yonke i-waveletth ukusuka kwisibane esibonakalayo sokuqaqanjelwa. Eli nani alinanto yakwenza nezinye iiparamitha ezibonakalayo zegraphene kwaye igqitywe nge-morim ye-elektroniki [6]. Ukukhanya okubekiweyo kuya kukhokelela kwisizukulwana sabathwali (i-elektroni kunye nemingxunya). Isizukulwana kunye nezothutho zabathwali eGraine zahluke kakhulu kwezo zinto zikwi-semicondads zemveli. Oku kwenza ukuba idiphene ilungele kakhulu kwizixhobo ze-ultrateric. Kuqikelelwa ukuba izixhobo ezinjalo zefoto zinokusebenza rhoqo kwi-500gz. Ukuba isetyenziselwa ukuhambisa umqondiso, inokudlulisela i-500 yezigidi ze-zeros okanye ezona ngomzuzwana, kwaye zigqibezele ukuqulunqwa kweziqulatho ze-blud ray ray ray ray ray ray ray ray.
Iingcali ezivela kwi-IBM Thomas J. Watson IZiko loPhando kwi-United States lisebenzise igraphene yokwenza iifoto zefoto ezinokwenziwa kwi-10gz frequency [8]. Okokuqala, iiflethi zegraphema zazilungiswa kwi-selicon ye-silicon egutyungelwe i-300 NM DIODY's Pood "yeTepe Electrodes", kunye ne-Ect Robrodes yegolide kunye ne-250 nm yenziwa yi-250 n. Ngale ndlela, i-ufoman esekwe kwi-phephe ye-uforhoction ifunyenwe.
Umzobo we-Schematic weGraphene yeFotleyleylelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelection Aildscope (SM) yeefoto zesampulu yesona. Umgca omfutshane omnyama kwi-microns uhambelana nee-microns ezi-5, kwaye umgama phakathi kwemigca yentsimbi yi-micron.
Ngovavanyo, abaphandi bafumanisa ukuba le ncwadana yensimbi ye-pileeneylelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelection. Ityhubhu ye-pile yemveli ingenakuphendulwa kukukhanya okude nge-wavelength ende. Irejista yokusebenza yeGraine yeFotoenectric inamagumbi amakhulu okuphucula. Umsebenzi wayo ophezulu wenza ukuba ube noluhlu olubanzi lwamathemba okusebenza, kubandakanya unxibelelwano, ulawulo olukude kunye nokuhlolwa kwendalo.
Njengesixhobo esitsha esinepropathi eyahlukileyo, uphando malunga nokusetyenziswa kwe-Graphene livele elinye emva kwenye. Kunzima kuthi ukuba sibakhubekise apha. Kwixa elizayo, kusenokubakho iityhubhu zentsimi ezenziwe nguGraphene, ii-molecular ezenziwe nge-gogran kunye noochwephesha be-molecular olwenziwe ngu-Graphene kubomi bemihla ngemihla ... IGraine ephuma kancinci ilabhoratri iya kukhanya kubomi bemihla ngemihla.
Singalindela ukuba inani elikhulu leemveliso ze-elektroniki elisebenzisa igraphene liza kuvela kungekudala. Cinga ngendlela ekuya kuba ngayo ukuba i-smart furphones kunye neencwadi zenethiwekhi zinokuqengqeleka, zigqunywe kwiindlebe zethu, okanye zifakwe kwiipokotho zethu, okanye zisongelwe ngeengozi zethu xa zingasetyenziswanga!
IXESHA LOKUQALA: UMar-09-2022