Ngo-2010, uGeim noNovoselov baphumelela ibhaso leNobel kwifiziksi ngomsebenzi wabo kwigraphene.Eli wonga lishiye uchuku kubantu abaninzi.Ngapha koko, ayizizo zonke izixhobo zovavanyo zeBhaso likaNobel zixhaphake njengeteyiphu yokuncamathelisa, kwaye ayizizo zonke izinto zophando ezinomlingo kwaye kulula ukuyiqonda njenge "crystal-dimensional crystal" yegraphene.Umsebenzi kwi-2004 unokunikwa kwi-2010, enqabileyo kwirekhodi yeNobel Prize kwiminyaka yamuva.
Igraphene luhlobo lwento equlathe umaleko omnye weeathom zekhabhoni ezilungelelaniswe ngokusondeleyo kwileti yobusi emacala mabini.Njengedayimane, igraphite, i-fullerene, i-carbon nanotubes kunye ne-amorphous carbon, yinto (into elula) eyenziwe ngamacandelo ekhabhoni.Njengoko kubonisiwe kulo mzobo ungezantsi, ii-fulerenes kunye ne-carbon nanotubes zinokubonwa njengezisongwe ngandlel' ithile ukusuka kumaleko omnye wegraphene, ebekwe ngamaleko amaninzi egraphene.Uphando lwethiyori malunga nokusetyenziswa kwegraphene ukuchaza iipropathi zezinto ezahlukeneyo zekhabhoni ezilula (igraphite, carbon nanotubes kunye negraphene) sele ithathe phantse iminyaka engama-60, kodwa kukholelwa ngokubanzi ukuba izinto ezinomacala amabini kunzima ukuzinza zodwa. idityaniswe kuphela kumphezulu we-substrate enemilinganiselo emithathu okanye ngaphakathi kwizinto ezifana negraphite.Kwakungekho ngo-2004 apho u-Andre Geim kunye nomfundi wakhe u-Konstantin Novoselov bahlutha umaleko omnye wegraphene kwigraphite ngokusebenzisa iimvavanyo apho uphando lwegraphene lufezekise uphuhliso olutsha.
Zombini i-fullerene (ekhohlo) kunye nekhabhoni nanotube (embindini) zinokuthathwa njengezisongwayo ngumaleko omnye wegraphene ngandlela thile, ngelixa igraphite (ekunene) ipakishwe ngamaleko amaninzi egraphene ngokudityaniswa kwamandla evan der Waals.
Kule mihla, igraphene inokufumaneka ngeendlela ezininzi, kwaye iindlela ezahlukeneyo zineengenelo kunye nezingeloncedo zazo.UGeim noNovoselov bafumana igraphene ngendlela elula.Besebenzisa iteyiphu ebonakalayo efumaneka kwiivenkile ezinkulu, bahluba igraphene, iphepha legraphite elinomaleko omnye kuphela weeathom zekhabhoni, ukusuka kwisiqwenga segraphite yepyrolytic ephezulu.Oku kuluncedo, kodwa ukulawulwa akulunganga kangako, kwaye igraphene enobungakanani obungaphantsi kwe-100 microns (isinye kwishumi semilimitha) inokufumaneka kuphela, engasetyenziselwa imifuniselo, kodwa kunzima ukuyisebenzisela ukwenza izinto. izicelo.Ukubekwa komphunga kwikhemikhali kunokukhulisa iisampuli zegraphene ezinobungakanani bamashumi eesentimitha kumphezulu wesinyithi.Nangona indawo ene-orientation ehambelanayo kuphela i-microns eyi-100 [3,4], ifanelekile kwiimfuno zemveliso yezinye izicelo.Enye indlela eqhelekileyo kukufudumeza i-silicon carbide (SIC) ikristale ukuya ngaphezulu kwe-1100 ℃ kwi-vacuum, ukuze iiathom zesilicon ezikufutshane nomphezulu zibe ngumphunga, kwaye iiathom zekhabhoni eziseleyo zihlengahlengiswe, ezinokuthi zifumane iisampuli zegraphene ezineempawu ezilungileyo.
I-Graphene yinto entsha eneempawu ezikhethekileyo: ukuqhutyelwa kombane kugqwesileyo njengobhedu, kwaye ukuqhutyelwa kwayo kwe-thermal kubhetele kunayo nayiphi na into eyaziwayo.Icace kakhulu.Kuphela inxalenye encinci (2.3%) yesiganeko esicacileyo esibonakalayo esibonakalayo siya kutsalwa yigraphene, kwaye uninzi lokukhanya luya kudlula.Ixinene kangangokuba neeathom zehelium (ezona molekyuli zincinane zegesi) azinakudlula kuyo.Ezi mpawu zomlingo azizuzwa ngokuthe ngqo kwigraphite, kodwa kwi-quantum mechanics.Iimpawu zayo ezizodwa zombane kunye ne-optical zinquma ukuba zineemfuno ezibanzi zokusetyenziswa.
Nangona igraphene ibonakala kuphela ngaphantsi kweminyaka elishumi, ibonise izicelo ezininzi zobugcisa, ezinqabileyo kakhulu kwiinkalo zefiziksi kunye nesayensi yezinto eziphathekayo.Kuthatha iminyaka engaphezu kweshumi okanye amashumi eminyaka ukuba imathiriyeli jikelele isuke kwilabhoratri isiwe kubomi benene.Yintoni ukusetyenziswa kwegraphene?Makhe sijonge imizekelo emibini.
I-electrode ecacileyo ethambileyo
Kwizixhobo ezininzi zombane, izinto zokuqhuba ezicacileyo kufuneka zisetyenziswe njengee-electrode.Iiwotshi ze-elektroniki, iikhaltyhuleyitha, oomabonakude, iziboniso zekristale zolwelo, izikrini zokucofa, iiphaneli zelanga kunye nezinye izixhobo ezininzi azikwazi ukushiya ubukho be-electrode ebonakalayo.I-electrode yendabuko ecacileyo isebenzisa i-indium tin oxide (ITO).Ngenxa yexabiso eliphezulu kunye nonikezelo oluncinci lwe-indium, izinto eziphathekayo zincinci kunye nokungabikho kokuguquguquka, kwaye i-electrode idinga ukufakwa kwinqanaba eliphakathi kwe-vacuum, kwaye ixabiso liphezulu kakhulu.Kangangexesha elide, izazinzulu bezizama ukufumana indawo yayo.Ukongeza kwiimfuno zokungafihli, ukuqhuba kakuhle kunye nokulungiswa lula, ukuba ukuguquguquka kwezinto ngokwazo kulungile, kuya kulungeleka ukwenza "iphepha le-elektroniki" okanye ezinye izixhobo zokubonisa ezisongelwayo.Ngoko ke, ukuguquguquka kwakhona kuyinkalo ebaluleke kakhulu.I-graphene yinto enjalo, efanelekileyo kakhulu kwi-electrodes ebonakalayo.
Abaphandi abasuka kwi-Samsung kunye neYunivesithi yaseChengjunguan eMzantsi Korea bafumana igraphene ene-diagonal ubude be-intshi ezingama-30 ngokufakwa komphunga wekhemikhali kwaye bayigqithisele kwifilimu ye-188 micron eshinyeneyo ye-polyethylene terephthalate (PET) ukuvelisa igraphene esekwe kwiscreen sokuchukumisa [4].Njengoko kubonisiwe kumzobo ongezantsi, igraphene ekhule kwifoyile yobhedu iqala idityaniswe kunye netheyiphu yokuhluba eshushu (inxalenye ecacileyo eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka), emva koko ifoyile yobhedu iyanyibilikiswa yindlela yeekhemikhali, kwaye ekugqibeleni igraphene idluliselwa kwifilimu yePET ngokufudumeza. .
Isixhobo esitsha sokwenziwa kombane
Igraphene ineempawu ezizodwa kakhulu zamehlo.Nangona kukho umaleko omnye kuphela weathom, unokufunxa i-2.3% yokukhanya okukhutshiweyo kulo lonke uluhlu lwamaza ukusuka ekukhanyeni okubonakalayo ukuya kwi-infrared.Eli nani alinanto yakwenza nezinye iiparameter eziphathekayo zegraphene kwaye igqitywe yiquantum electrodynamics [6].Ukukhanya okufunxayo kuya kukhokelela kwisizukulwana sabathwali (i-electron kunye nemingxuma).Ukuveliswa kunye nokuthuthwa kwabathwali kwigraphene bahluke kakhulu kwabo bakwi-semiconductors yendabuko.Oku kwenza ukuba igraphene ifaneleke kakhulu kwisixhobo sokungeniswa kombane we-ultrafast.Kuqikelelwa ukuba ezo zixhobo zokungeniswa kweefoto zombane zinokusebenza kumaza angama-500ghz.Ukuba isetyenziselwa ukuhanjiswa komqondiso, inokusasaza ama-zero eebhiliyoni ezingama-500 okanye enye ngomzuzwana, kwaye igqibezele ukuhanjiswa kwemixholo yeediski ezimbini ze-Blu ray ngomzuzwana omnye.
Iingcali ezivela kwi-IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Centre e-United States baye basebenzisa i-graphene ukuvelisa izixhobo ze-photoelectric induction ezinokusebenza kwi-10GHz frequency [8].Okokuqala, iiflake zegraphene zalungiswa kwi-silicon substrate egqunywe nge-300 nm yesilica engqindilili nge "tape tearing method", emva koko kwenziwa igolide ye-palladium okanye i-titanium yegolide enesithuba se-1 micron kunye nobubanzi obuyi-250 nm.Ngale ndlela, i-graphene esekelwe kwi-photoelectric device ifunyenwe.
Umzobo we-Schematic we-graphene photoelectric induction izixhobo kunye ne-electron microscope yokuskena (SEM) iifoto zeesampuli zangempela.Umgca omfutshane omnyama kumzobo uhambelana ne-microns ezi-5, kwaye umgama phakathi kwemigca yensimbi yi-micron enye.
Ngokusebenzisa iimvavanyo, abaphandi bafumanise ukuba esi sixhobo sesinyithi segraphene sesinyithi sokufakelwa kwesixhobo sombane sinokufikelela kumaxesha okusebenza e-16ghz kakhulu, kwaye sinokusebenza ngesantya esiphezulu kuluhlu lwamaza ukusuka kwi-300 nm (kufuphi ne-ultraviolet) ukuya kwi-6 microns (infrared), ngelixa. ityhubhu yemveli yokungeniswa kwefoto yombane ayinakuphendula kukukhanya kwe-infrared kunye nobude obude.Ukusebenza rhoqo kwe-graphene photoelectric induction izixhobo kusenendawo enkulu yokuphucula.Ukusebenza kwayo okuphezulu kwenza ukuba kube noluhlu olubanzi lwezicelo, kubandakanywa unxibelelwano, ukulawulwa kude kunye nokubeka iliso lokusingqongileyo.
Njengesixhobo esitsha esineempawu ezizodwa, uphando malunga nokusetyenziswa kwegraphene luvela emva komnye.Kunzima kuthi ukubabala apha.Kwixesha elizayo, kusenokubakho iityhubhu ze-field effect ezenziwe ngegraphene, ii-molecular switches ezenziwe ngegraphene kunye ne-molecular detectors ezenziwe ngegraphene kubomi bemihla ngemihla… Igraphene ephuma kancinci kancinci elabhoratri iya kukhanya kubomi bemihla ngemihla.
Sinokulindela ukuba inani elikhulu leemveliso ze-elektroniki ezisebenzisa igraphene ziya kubonakala kungekudala.Cinga ngendlela enokuba nomdla ngayo ukuba ii-smartphones zethu kunye ne-netbooks zinokusongwa, zibotshwe ezindlebeni zethu, zifakwe ezipokothweni zethu, okanye zisongelwe ezihlahleni zethu xa zingasetyenziswa!
Ixesha lokuposa: Mar-09-2022